The Australian prime minister, Julia Gillard, has introduced her government's controversial carbon tax plans into parliament in a third attempt to legislate a price on pollution.

Gillard has staked her minority government's future on passing the laws, which would force around 500 big polluting companies to pay for carbon emissions through a A$23 (£15) per tonne carbon tax from July 2012, before emissions trading from mid 2015. Earlier plans to levy a tax were rejected in 2009.

If enacted, the plan would see Australia match the European Union and New Zealand with national emissions trade schemes, while the United States and Japan have smaller regional schemes.

The carbon price is the central plank in the government's plan to cut carbon emissions, blamed for global warming, by 5% of levels in 2000 by 2020. The policy has the support of key independents and Greens, ensuring the plan should be endorsed by parliament.

"Today we move from words to deeds. This parliament is going to get this done," Gillard said as she introduced the first of a package of 18 bills.

A plan put forward in 2009 was twice rejected by parliament before it was shelved by the former prime minister Kevin Rudd, who was dumped as party leader in favour of Gillard in June 2010.

The conservative opposition disagrees with the plan and has taken an election-winning lead in opinion polls after warning that the carbon tax will lead to job losses and push up prices.

The Greens' deputy leader, Christine Milne, said the bills would pass by the end of the year. "The introduction of the bills comes at exactly the same time as we have scientists telling us that we are once again witnessing historic losses of Arctic sea ice," Milne told reporters.

The carbon bills, and an extra bill dealing with special assistance to the steel industry, will be sent to a parliamentary inquiry, due to report in early October. The government wants the bills passed by the lower house of representatives by 11 October.

The upper house senate, where the Greens and government have the numbers to pass the laws without the need of independents, has scheduled an extra week of sittings from 7 November to deal with the legislation.

The opposition accuses the government of trying to rush the package through parliament without proper scrutiny.

"It's an attempt to ram through the most controversial legislation arguably of the last 30 years, with virtually no parliamentary scrutiny," the opposition climate spokesman, Greg Hunt, said on Tuesday, adding that the government would allow less than one minute per member for each bill.

The Investor Group on Climate Change, whose members control more than A$600bn of investments, said it was crucial the bills were passed to give businesses and investors time to prepare for the scheme to start in mid 2012.

"We know we must achieve lower domestic emissions, send clear investment signals and support a stronger international agreement. It's time to get on with the job," said the group's chief executive, Nathan Fabian.

Australia's scheme will cover 60% of carbon pollution, although agriculture will be exempt. Treasury models found it would boost the consumer price index by 0.7% in its first year, in July 2012 to June 2013.

Big polluting industries which are also exporters such as steel producers and aluminium smelters will receive 94.5% of carbon permits for free, while moderate-emitting exporters will receive 66% of permits for free.

The government expects the sale of carbon permits to raise A$24bn in the first three years. To ease voter concerns about higher prices, the government has announced A$15bn worth of tax cuts and household assistance over the first three years.

Australia accounts for about 1.5% of global emissions, but is one of the developed world's biggest per capita emitters due to its reliance on coal for most of its electricity.

(Reuters / Guardian.co.uk, 13/09/2011)