Veu Lesa, a 73-year-old
villager in Tuvalu, does not need scientific reports to tell him that the sea
is rising. The evidence is all around him. The beaches of his childhood are
vanishing. The crops that used to feed his family have been poisoned by salt water.
In April, he had to leave his home when a "king tide" flooded it,
showering it with rocks and debris.
For Tuvalu, a string of
nine picturesque atolls and coral islands, global warming is not an abstract
danger; it is a daily reality. The tiny South Pacific nation, only four metres
above sea level at its highest point, may not exist in a few decades. Its
people are already in flight; more than 4,000 live in New Zealand, and many of
the remaining 10,500 are planning to join the exodus. Others, though, are
determined to stay and try to fight the advancing waves.
The outlook is bleak. A
tidal gauge on the main atoll, Funafuti, suggests the sea level is climbing by
5.6mm a year, twice the average global rate predicted by the UN's International
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). There is not enough data yet to establish a
definitive trend but that figure is alarming, implying a rise of more than half
a metre in the next century. Most Tuvaluans live just one to two metres above
sea level.
Funafuti's tranquil lagoon
is adorned by a necklace of cream islets, each one tufted with dense
vegetation. There used to be seven. Now there are six. The other one
disappeared after a series of cyclones in the late 1990s. First, the palm trees
were stripped off, then the sand, then the soil beneath. All that remains is a
forlorn scrap of rubble, visible at low tide. It is an ominous indicator, in
miniature, of what awaits Tuvalu's larger, populated islands.
Of all the low-lying
nations menaced by global warming, little Tuvalu has been most vocal in the
international arena. It recognised the threat early on, and successive
governments have lobbied hard to alert the outside world to its predicament.
The country - formerly one half of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands, a British protectorate
- joined the UN and the Commonwealth in order to raise its profile, and sent
diplomats on globe-trotting missions.
Six or seven years on,
Tuvaluans concluded that the international community - particularly the big
industrialised nations puffing vast quantities of carbon dioxide into the
atmosphere - does not care. "They never listened when we asked for
help," says Enate Evi, director of the Environment Department. "To be
honest, I think they only care about themselves, and their economic advantage.
That's how it feels, sitting here."
At the primary school in
Funafuti, children learn about climate change from the age of six. Most expect
to emigrate. "Because my home island will sink under the water, and there
will be no place for me to live," explains Vaimaila Teitala, aged 12.
Manuao Taloka, 13, says: "Australia and America and England don't take
notice of us because we're too small, and they want to keep their factories and
cars."
This could be the last
generation of children to grow up in Tuvalu, situated in a remote corner of the
Pacific, north of Fiji. "When the tide comes, I'll be under the
ground," says Temu Hauma, the school principal. "But I'll definitely
be encouraging my kids to move. Why stay here if they haven't got a future?"
It is not so much the
prospect of the islands gradually being swamped that worries the locals. It is
the extreme weather events they are already experiencing, and which will make
their homeland uninhabitable long before the land is submerged. The ever-more
invasive spring tides, like the increasingly frequent and devastating cyclones,
are associated with global warming.
But some Tuvaluans refuse
to accept that their nation is lost. Older people in this devoutly Christian
country cite God's promise to Noah that the earth will never again be flooded.
Others interpret the Bible less literally but question why they should have to
leave the country they love. "We are facing the music of climate change
but it's not of our making," says Suseo Silo, the government's disaster
co-ordinator. His counterpart at the local branch of the Red Cross, Tatua Pese,
says: "We don't want to lose our identity, our motherland. I just hope a
miracle will happen."
Despair has now given way
to defiance, impotence to pragmatism. Tuvaluans are trying to help themselves.
They are dreaming up ways to adjust to the changing conditions, and even
reducing their own minuscule emissions of greenhouse gases - in the hope of
shaming the big polluters into following. Villagers are exchanging taro, their
traditional root vegetable, for more saline resistant crops. They are
economising on water to cope with lengthening droughts. They are building
houses on stilts, to escape the high tides, and assembling survival kits.
But there is a limit to
how far you can adapt when your total living space is 26 sq km, most of it
pancake-flat and comprising slivers of land that can be walked across in a
minute or two. In Tuvalu, there is no continental interior, and hardly any high
ground, to retreat to. Nearly half the population lives squashed together on
Funafuti's main islet, Fongafale, which is so skinny that, from most spots, you
can see the dark blue ocean on one side and the turquoise lagoon on the other.
The widest area contains a
runway built by American forces during the Second World War, which the locals -
in between the twice-weekly flights from Fiji - use as their backyard. Football
and rugby matches are staged on the tarmac. Children hare up and down the
runway on bikes. Stray dogs wander across it. People even sleep there on hot
nights, to catch the breeze. Just before the plane lands, a fire engine sounds
a siren to clear everybody off.
Opposite the airport, in
an imposing new building funded by Taiwan, the government is evaluating a
recently completed national adaptation plan. But the plan's author, Pone
Saavee, has already left for New Zealand and most senior public figures admit,
if you probe, that they are formulating their own exit strategy. Tuvalu is
losing its best and brightest, and the place has the air of a sinking ship.
Official policy is to
assist those who wish to emigrate, but to continue working for Tuvalu's future.
"We still haven't given up hope of living here," says Kelesoma Saloa,
private secretary to the Prime Minister, Apisai Ielemia. "But, reading the
latest IPCC report, and with the icecaps melting so fast, my personal feeling
is we're fighting against the impossible."
Tuvaluans are laid-back,
charming people. They laugh a lot, even when contemplating their nation's
extinction. They live a simple, communal life. The country earns an income from
licensing fishing rights. A few years back it sold its internet domain suffix -
.tv - for about £25m. A sizeable chunk of that was used to seal Funafuti's dirt
roads. The locals, who used to walk or cycle, bought cars and motorbikes. Now
the government is trying to persuade them to walk or cycle, conscious of
Tuvalu's part, however tiny, in burning fossil fuels.
On the islet of Amatuku,
just north of Funafuti, 30 pigs slumber in a pen, blissfully unaware of the
modest part they are playing in tackling a global crisis. Their waste is being
processed to produce methane gas, which will be piped to households and used
for cooking and power. The project was set up by a French charity, Alofa
Tuvalu. Such measures, though, will not change much. "We can tell people
to turn off lights and recycle rubbish but the sea level will still rise unless
the big countries reduce their emissions," says Mr Pese, the Red Cross
worker.
Tuvalu's coral reefs are
bleaching, and fishermen are having to travel further afield. Mr Salo, the
prime minister's aide, says: "There will come a point when we can't grow
anything in the ground, when all the trees start dying and we can't get
shelter." The king tides are a new phenomenon. When they strike, the land
is almost level with the ocean, and waves break right across the island. The
water table is so high that it seeps up through the earth. Among the buildings
flooded is the Meteorological Office, which has photographs on its wall of
children surfing past its front door.
What everyone fears is a
cyclone coinciding with a king tide. "It would wipe out most of
Funafuti," says Taula Katea, the Met Office's acting director. New Zealand
is prepared to take in 75 Tuvaluans a year. But Keitona Tausi, general
secretary of the Tuvalu Congregational Christian Church, says: "I'm really
against this scheme. People should stay and develop Tuvalu. If we can work
together, we can help our country. But not if everyone leaves." Mr Tausi
claims some people who have gone to New Zealand regret it. "They gave up
good white-collar jobs here, and now they're picking strawberries."
Saufatu Sopoanga, a former
prime minister and an eloquent advocate for his nation, is irritated by
assumptions that Tuvalu is doomed. "This type of thinking makes donors
reluctant to come forward," he says. "How can they say Tuvalu is
doomed when they haven't done anything to help us? The leaders of
industrialised nations need to do something real, rather than just talk.
There's already been two decades of just talking." The fact is that Tuvalu
could survive. Drastic cuts in carbon emissions would slow the process of
global warming. The countries that have caused its problems could help it find
solutions - building well designed sea walls, for instance, or dredging sand
from the lagoon to raise the level of the land.
The latter scheme would
cost £1.3m - a princely sum for Tuvalu, but a drop in the ocean for Australia
or the US, neither of which have signed the Kyoto protocol. It could be argued
Tuvalu is a minute place and few outsiders would miss it. It could also be
argued wealthy nations have a moral responsibility to assist. Back in Veu
Lesa's village, the old man's daughter-in-law, Lei Aso, is feeding her baby,
Lilipa. Does she expect her to spend her life in Tuvalu? Lei Aso looks at me
with sad eyes and fans herself, silently.
(By Kathy Marks, The
Independent, 17/07/2007)